ANM 2nd Year Notes QnA

Nutrition

Q.1 – Answer any three questions.

(a) Household methods of preservation and storage of food:

• Drying: Removing moisture from food (e.g., grains, fruits).
• Freezing: Preserves freshness (e.g., meat, vegetables).
• Pickling: Using salt or vinegar (e.g., pickles).
• Canning: Storing food in airtight containers.

(b) Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS):

• A government program in India for children under 6 years.
• Provides supplementary nutrition, health check-ups, and preschool education.

(c) Cholesterol metabolism:

• Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver and transported via lipoproteins (LDL, HDL).
• Used for membrane synthesis, bile acids, and steroid hormones.
• Excess LDL leads to atherosclerosis.

(d) Vitamin C:

• Sources: Citrus fruits, tomatoes, broccoli.
• Deficiency: Leads to scurvy (bleeding gums, fatigue).

Q.2 – Long Answer Type Questions

(a) Classification of Foods:

1. Energy-Giving Foods: Carbohydrates, fats (e.g., grains, oils).
2. Body-Building Foods: Proteins (e.g., eggs, dairy).
3. Protective Foods: Vitamins and minerals (e.g., fruits, vegetables).

(b) Malnutrition in India:

• Causes: Poverty, lack of education, poor sanitation, inadequate healthcare access.

Q.3 – Write Short Notes

(a) National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Program:

• Ensures iodized salt availability to prevent goiter and cretinism.

(b) Functions and Sources of Carbohydrates:

• Functions: Provide energy, spare proteins.
• Sources: Rice, bread, fruits.

Midwifery

Q.1 – Select the Most Appropriate Answer

1. (d) Apgar Score.
2. (a) Lochia.
3. (a) Fallopian Tubes.
4. (c) Cancer of Cervix.
5. (b) Progress of Labour.

Q.2 – Answer any three questions.

(a) Pre-eclampsia:

• A condition in pregnancy marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, and swelling.

(b) Antenatal Care:

• Periodic check-ups to monitor maternal and fetal health.

Q.3 – Long Answer Type Questions

(a) Advice to Mother During Discharge:

• Rest, nutrition, breastfeeding techniques, follow-up visits.

(b) Universal Precautions in Labour Room:

• Use of gloves, sterilized equipment, proper waste disposal.

Human Body & Hygiene

Q.1 – Select the Most Appropriate Answer

1. (a) Thiamine.
2. (c) 1981.
3. (a) Diarrhea.
4. (c) 9 calories.
5. (b) Sub-Lingual Gland.

Q.2 – Answer any three questions.

(a) Largest Organ in the Body:

• The skin is the largest organ.

(b) WHO Definition of Health:

• “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

Q.4 – Short Notes

(a) Location of Liver:

• Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.

(b) Respiratory System:

• Includes the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm.

Health Centre Management

Q.1 – Select the Most Appropriate Answer

1. (c) 140 to 160.
2. (b) Leprosy.
3. (d) R-16.
4. (b) 10%.
5. (d) All age group people.

Q.3 – Long Answer Questions

(a) Counseling:

• Process of guiding individuals to solve personal issues.
• Qualities: Active listening, empathy, confidentiality.

(b) Women Health Camp:

• Organize healthcare services, educate on hygiene, provide immunizations.

Q.4 – Short Notes

(a) Planning:

• Establishing goals, allocating resources for health programs.

(b) Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR):

• Number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.

Nutrition

Short Notes

1. National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Program:
   • Aims to eliminate iodine deficiency-related disorders like goiter and hypothyroidism.
   • Ensures universal access to iodized salt and raises awareness.
2. Functions and Sources of Carbohydrates:
   • Functions: Provide energy (4 kcal/g), protein sparing, and regulate blood glucose.
   • Sources: Rice, wheat, fruits, sugar, and starchy vegetables.
3. Classification of Lipids:
   • Simple Lipids: Fats and oils (triglycerides).
   • Compound Lipids: Phospholipids, glycolipids.
   • Derived Lipids: Steroids, fatty acids.
4. Methods of Food Preparation:
   • Boiling: Retains most nutrients.
   • Steaming: Preserves vitamins and minerals.
   • Frying: Enhances taste but increases fat content.
5. Factors Affecting Iron Absorption:
   • Enhancers: Vitamin C, heme iron (from animal sources).
   • Inhibitors: Phytates, calcium, tannins (from tea/coffee).

Long Answer

1. Dietary Management of Diabetes Mellitus:
   • Goals:
     • Maintain blood glucose levels.
     • Prevent complications like neuropathy and retinopathy.
   • Diet Plan:
     • Low glycemic index foods (whole grains, legumes).
     • Adequate protein (eggs, fish).
     • Controlled fat intake to avoid cardiovascular risks.
   • Meal Patterns:
     • Small, frequent meals to prevent sugar spikes.
2. Causes of Malnutrition in India:
   • Economic Factors: Poverty, unemployment.
   • Health Issues: High infection rates, poor maternal health.
   • Educational Gap: Lack of awareness about balanced diets.
   • Cultural Practices: Food taboos during pregnancy and lactation.

Midwifery

Short Notes

1. Hydatidiform Mole:
   • Abnormal pregnancy with overgrowth of placental tissues.
   • Symptoms: Heavy bleeding, high hCG levels.
   • Treatment: Uterine evacuation and follow-up for malignancy risk.
2. Neonatal Jaundice:
   • Cause: High bilirubin due to immature liver in newborns.
   • Symptoms: Yellowing of skin and eyes.
   • Treatment: Phototherapy or exchange transfusion.
3. Function of Placenta:
   • Nutrient and oxygen supply to the fetus.
   • Removes waste products from fetal blood.
   • Hormone production (e.g., hCG, progesterone).

Long Answer

1. Examination of Abdomen in Pregnancy:
   • Inspection: Look for fetal movements, size, and shape of the abdomen.
   • Palpation:
     • Fundal height to assess fetal growth.
     • Fetal lie, presentation, and engagement.
   • Auscultation: Fetal heart rate (110-160 bpm) using a stethoscope or Doppler.
2. Antenatal Care (ANC):
   • Regular check-ups to monitor maternal and fetal health.
   • Includes blood tests, ultrasonography, and nutritional counseling.
   • Immunizations: Tetanus toxoid (TT).
   • Early detection of complications like pre-eclampsia or anemia.

Human Body & Hygiene

Short Notes

1. Location of Liver:
   • Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, under the diaphragm.
2. Respiratory System:
   • Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
   • Function: Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).

Long Answer

1. Immunity and Immune System:
   • Definition: The body’s defense mechanism against pathogens.
   • Types:
     • Innate Immunity: First line of defense (skin, mucus).
     • Acquired Immunity: Developed after exposure (antibodies).
   • Components:
     • White blood cells (lymphocytes, macrophages).
     • Organs like thymus, bone marrow, spleen.
2. Personal Hygiene:
   • Practices like regular bathing, oral care, handwashing.
   • Golden Rule: Cleanliness reduces infection risk.

Health Centre Management

Short Notes

1. Planning:
   • Setting objectives, deciding resources, and monitoring implementation.
2. Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR):
   • Number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in a year.
3. Cold Chain:
   • System of storing and transporting vaccines at the recommended temperature (2–8°C).

Long Answer

1. Records and Reports at Sub-Centre Level:
   • Types of Records:
     • Antenatal care register.
     • Immunization records.
     • Family planning records.
   • Reports: Monthly performance reports sent to higher centers.
2. Principles of Primary Health Care:
   • Universal accessibility.
   • Community participation.
   • Inter-sectoral coordination.
   • Use of appropriate technology.