GNM 1st Year Notes QnA

Anatomy, Physiology & Microbiology

(a) Define respiration.

Respiration is the biological process by which organisms convert oxygen and glucose into energy. This energy is used to power cellular activities, with carbon dioxide and water released as by-products.

(b) Describe briefly the structure of the bladder.

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular organ in the pelvis that stores urine. Its key structures are:

1. Mucosa: The innermost layer made of transitional epithelium.
2. Detrusor Muscle: The middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts to expel urine.
3. Adventitia: The outer connective tissue layer providing support.
   The bladder is connected to the kidneys via ureters and empties through the urethra.

(c) Explain the formation of urine.

Urine is formed in three main steps:

1. Filtration: Blood is filtered in the glomerulus of the nephron, where water, salts, glucose, and waste products pass into the Bowman’s capsule.
2. Reabsorption: Useful substances like glucose, certain salts, and water are reabsorbed into the blood in the proximal tubule.
3. Secretion: Additional waste products and ions are secreted into the tubule, forming urine that collects in the renal pelvis.

(d) Explain the mechanism of respiration.

Respiration involves two phases:

1. Inhalation: The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, and intercostal muscles lift the rib cage, reducing pressure in the lungs and drawing in air.
2. Exhalation: The diaphragm relaxes, and the rib cage lowers, increasing lung pressure and pushing air out.
   Gas exchange occurs in alveoli, where oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Physical sterilization methods include:

1. Heat: Using autoclaves (steam under pressure) or dry heat ovens to kill microbes.
2. Filtration: Passing liquids or gases through a filter to remove microorganisms.
3. Radiation: Using UV light or gamma rays to destroy microbial DNA.

(b) What is reproduction?

Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms produce offspring to ensure the continuation of their species. It can be asexual (one parent, identical offspring) or sexual (two parents, genetically diverse offspring).

Or

(a) Define sterilization.
Sterilization is the process of eliminating all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, from surfaces, instruments, or environments.

(b) Describe the function of the uterus and its appendages.

1. Uterus: The uterus is a pear-shaped organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus. It contracts during childbirth to deliver the baby.
2. Appendages:
   • Fallopian Tubes: Transport the ovum from the ovary to the uterus.
   • Ovaries: Produce eggs and secrete hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

(a) Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs. It contains iron, giving blood its red color.

(b) Cerebrum

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain responsible for higher functions like thinking, memory, reasoning, voluntary movements, and sensory processing. It is divided into two hemispheres and further subdivided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

(c) Cranial Nerves

Cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves that arise directly from the brain. They control sensory and motor functions, including vision, hearing, smell, taste, and facial movements. Examples include the optic nerve (vision) and vagus nerve (autonomic functions).

(d) Physiology of respiration

The physiology of respiration involves:

1. Gas exchange in the alveoli.
2. Oxygen transport via hemoglobin to tissues.
3. Carbon dioxide removal from tissues to the lungs.
4. Regulation of breathing by the respiratory center in the brainstem.

(e) Synovial Joint

A synovial joint is a freely movable joint surrounded by a fluid-filled synovial cavity. Examples include the knee, hip, and shoulder joints. Key features include:

1. Articular Cartilage: Covers the bone ends.
2. Synovial Fluid: Lubricates the joint.
3. Joint Capsule: Encloses the joint for stability.

1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
   • Anatomy: The branch of science that studies the structure of the body and its parts (e.g., organs, muscles, bones).
   • Physiology: The branch of science that studies the function of the body and its parts (e.g., how organs work, how muscles contract).

2. Name the primary components of the human circulatory system.
   • Heart: Pumps blood throughout the body.
   • Blood vessels: Includes arteries (carry blood away from the heart), veins (carry blood to the heart), and capillaries (facilitate nutrient and gas exchange).
   • Blood: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

3. What is the function of the lungs in the respiratory system?
   The primary function of the lungs is gas exchange:
   • Oxygen intake: Oxygen is absorbed from inhaled air into the bloodstream.
   • Carbon dioxide removal: Carbon dioxide is expelled from the blood into the air during exhalation.

4. Define the term “homeostasis.”
   Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. Examples include regulating body temperature, blood sugar levels, and pH balance.

5. What are the four types of tissues in the human body?
   1. Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces and lines organs and cavities (e.g., skin, lining of the digestive tract).
   2. Connective Tissue: Supports, binds, and protects other tissues (e.g., bone, blood, fat).
   3. Muscle Tissue: Facilitates movement by contracting (e.g., skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles).
   4. Nervous Tissue: Transmits electrical signals for communication and control (e.g., brain, spinal cord, nerves).

1. What is the difference between bacteria and viruses?
   • Bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that are living organisms. They can survive and reproduce on their own, and some are beneficial while others cause diseases.
   • Viruses: Non-living infectious particles that require a host cell to replicate. They are typically smaller than bacteria and are always parasitic.

2. Name three types of microorganisms studied in microbiology.
   1. Bacteria: Single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
   2. Viruses: Infectious agents that replicate within host cells.
   3. Fungi: Includes yeasts and molds, which can be unicellular or multicellular.

3. What is the purpose of a Gram stain?
   The Gram stain is a laboratory technique used to classify bacteria into two groups based on their cell wall composition:
   • Gram-positive bacteria: Retain the crystal violet stain and appear purple.
   • Gram-negative bacteria: Do not retain the crystal violet stain and appear pink/red after counterstaining.
     This helps in identifying bacteria and determining appropriate antibiotic treatment.

4. Define pathogenic microorganisms.
   Pathogenic microorganisms are microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) that cause diseases in humans, animals, or plants. Examples include Escherichia coli (bacteria), influenza virus, and Candida albicans (fungus).

5. What is the role of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections?
   Antibiotics are medications that target and kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. They work by disrupting bacterial cell walls, protein synthesis, or DNA replication. However, they are ineffective against viral infections.

1. Explain the importance of maintaining homeostasis in the human body.

Homeostasis ensures that the body’s internal environment remains stable, allowing cells to function optimally despite external changes. It regulates key parameters such as temperature, pH, and fluid balance. Disruption in homeostasis can lead to conditions like dehydration, hypothermia, or acidosis, affecting health and survival.

2. Discuss the role of the liver in metabolism and detoxification.

The liver plays a crucial role in:

• Metabolism: Processes nutrients (e.g., carbohydrates, fats, proteins), regulates blood glucose levels, and synthesizes cholesterol and bile.
• Detoxification: Filters and neutralizes toxins, drugs, and harmful substances by converting them into less toxic forms for excretion.

3. Describe how the endocrine system regulates body processes.

The endocrine system uses hormones secreted by glands like the thyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands to regulate processes such as:

• Metabolism: Thyroid hormones regulate energy use.
• Growth and Development: Growth hormone stimulates tissue growth.
• Reproduction: Hormones like estrogen and testosterone control reproductive functions.
• Homeostasis: Insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar levels.

4. Explain the structure and function of the human circulatory system.

• Structure:
  • The heart pumps blood.
  • Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) transport blood.
  • Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
• Function: The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, removes waste, and plays a role in immune defense and temperature regulation.

5. Discuss the role of the kidneys in maintaining body fluid balance.

The kidneys regulate fluid balance by:

• Filtering blood to remove excess water, salts, and waste products, forming urine.
• Reabsorbing necessary substances like water and electrolytes.
• Maintaining blood pressure and acid-base balance through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and bicarbonate regulation.

6. Discuss the importance of sterilization and disinfection in controlling microbial infections.

• Sterilization: Eliminates all microorganisms and spores, preventing infections in surgical instruments and medical environments.
• Disinfection: Reduces microbial load on surfaces to a safe level, crucial in hospitals and public health to prevent the spread of pathogens.

7. Describe the steps involved in performing a Gram stain and its significance.

• Steps:
  1. Apply crystal violet dye to a bacterial smear.
  2. Add iodine, which binds the dye to bacterial cell walls.
  3. Wash with alcohol or acetone (decolorization).
  4. Counterstain with safranin.
• Significance: Differentiates bacteria into Gram-positive (purple) and Gram-negative (pink), aiding in bacterial identification and determining antibiotic susceptibility.

8. Explain how vaccines stimulate immunity and prevent diseases.

Vaccines introduce weakened or inactivated pathogens or their components to stimulate the immune system. This triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells, providing long-term immunity by enabling the body to recognize and fight the pathogen more effectively during future exposures.

9. Discuss the different classes of pathogens and their methods of transmission.

• Bacteria: Transmitted via air, water, food, or direct contact (e.g., tuberculosis).
• Viruses: Spread through respiratory droplets, body fluids, or contaminated surfaces (e.g., influenza).
• Fungi: Transmitted via spores or direct contact (e.g., athlete’s foot).
• Parasites: Spread through contaminated food, water, or insect vectors (e.g., malaria).

10. Describe the laboratory techniques used to culture and identify microorganisms.

• Culture: Microorganisms are grown on media like agar plates or in broth to observe colony morphology and growth patterns.
• Microscopy: Stains like Gram stain or acid-fast stain help visualize microorganisms.
• Biochemical Tests: Identify metabolic properties (e.g., sugar fermentation, enzyme activity).
• Molecular Methods: PCR and DNA sequencing detect genetic material.
• Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing: Determines resistance patterns for effective treatment.

Community Health Nursing-I

(a) What are Behavior Change Communications (BCC)?

Behavior Change Communication (BCC) refers to strategic communication aimed at promoting positive health behaviors in individuals and communities. It uses methods like counseling, mass media campaigns, and community outreach to educate people about healthy practices and influence lifestyle changes.

(b) Write the elements of Primary Health Care.

The elements of primary health care, as outlined in the Alma-Ata Declaration (1978), include:

1. Education on health problems and prevention.
2. Proper nutrition.
3. Clean water and sanitation.
4. Maternal and child health care, including family planning.
5. Immunization against major infectious diseases.
6. Prevention and control of endemic diseases.
7. Provision of essential drugs.

(c) Give a situation where IPC technique is used to provide Health Education.

Interpersonal Communication (IPC) is used when educating a patient about managing chronic diseases like diabetes. For example:

• A nurse counsels a diabetic patient on lifestyle modifications such as diet, exercise, and medication adherence, using clear language and visual aids to ensure understanding.

(d) What are the principles of Primary Health Care?

The principles of primary health care are:

1. Equity: Ensuring health care is accessible to all.
2. Community Participation: Involving communities in health planning and implementation.
3. Intersectoral Coordination: Collaboration across sectors like health, education, and agriculture.
4. Use of Appropriate Technology: Using cost-effective and culturally acceptable methods.
5. Health Promotion and Prevention: Emphasis on preventive care over curative care.

(a) Write the principle of Community Nursing.

The principles of community nursing include:

1. Focus on prevention and health promotion.
2. Equitable care delivery for all, especially vulnerable groups.
3. Involving the community in decision-making and planning.
4. Using evidence-based practices.
5. Collaboration with other sectors and professionals.

(b) What is ‘Records & Reports’?

• Records: Systematic documentation of patient care, including medical history, treatment plans, and progress.
• Reports: Summarized information shared with relevant stakeholders to ensure continuity of care, evaluate outcomes, or improve services.

Or

(a) Describe your role in Community Health Nursing.
As a community health nurse, roles include:

• Health education and promotion in communities.
• Preventive care through immunization drives and disease screenings.
• Providing care for chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension.
• Collaborating with local organizations to improve public health.

(b) How will you maintain the records & reports in your workplace?

• Maintain accurate and complete documentation of patient care in standardized formats.
• Use electronic health record (EHR) systems for efficiency.
• Ensure confidentiality and security of patient data.
• Regularly review and update records for accuracy.
• Submit required reports to higher authorities on time.

(a) W.H.O.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for global health. It sets international health standards, coordinates responses to health emergencies, and promotes public health through programs like vaccination and disease eradication (e.g., smallpox).

(b) Adulteration of Food

Food adulteration refers to the addition of harmful substances or the removal of essential nutrients in food, compromising its safety and quality. Examples include adding water to milk or using non-edible coloring agents. It poses health risks like poisoning and chronic diseases.

(c) ASHA

Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) are community health workers in India. Their roles include:

• Promoting health awareness.
• Facilitating access to health services like immunization.
• Assisting in maternal and child health care.
• Providing first-contact care for minor illnesses.

(d) AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which weakens the immune system, making individuals prone to infections and cancers. It spreads through unprotected sexual contact, contaminated needles, and from mother to child. Prevention includes safe sex practices and antiretroviral therapy (ART).

(e) P.E.M.

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) occurs due to a lack of protein and calories, often seen in children in developing countries.

• Types: Kwashiorkor (protein deficiency) and Marasmus (calorie and protein deficiency).
• Symptoms: Stunted growth, muscle wasting, and susceptibility to infections.
• Prevention: Adequate nutrition, public health education, and food supplementation programs.

Computer Education

(a) What is the use of computers in nursing?

Computers in nursing are used for:

1. Electronic Health Records (EHR): Documentation of patient history and care plans.
2. Communication: Email, telehealth, and video conferencing.
3. Medication Management: Tracking and administering medications accurately.
4. Education and Training: Online learning platforms and simulation tools.
5. Research and Data Analysis: Assisting in evidence-based practice and outcome evaluation.

(b) Describe the difference between Microsoft Office 2003 and 2013.

1. User Interface:
   • Office 2003 uses a traditional toolbar and menu system.
   • Office 2013 features a ribbon interface with enhanced usability.
2. Cloud Integration:
   • Office 2003 lacks cloud features.
   • Office 2013 integrates with OneDrive for cloud storage.
3. File Formats:
   • Office 2003 saves files in older formats (.doc, .xls).
   • Office 2013 supports modern formats (.docx, .xlsx).
4. Collaboration: Office 2013 allows real-time collaboration, unlike Office 2003.

(c) What is data and data processing?

• Data: Raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed to make them meaningful (e.g., patient names, temperatures).
• Data Processing: The method of transforming raw data into useful information using techniques like collection, analysis, storage, and retrieval.

(d) Concept of Computer

A computer is an electronic device that processes data into information. It consists of hardware (physical components) and software (programs). It operates on the principles of input, process, storage, and output.

(a) Why do nurses need to learn computers?

Nurses need computer skills for:

1. Efficient Documentation: Recording patient data accurately in EHR systems.
2. Patient Care: Accessing treatment protocols and medication records.
3. Communication: Sharing updates with colleagues and patients.
4. Continuous Education: Using e-learning tools for skill enhancement.

(b) What is software? Describe how many kinds of software.

• Software: A set of instructions or programs that enable computers to perform tasks.
• Types of Software:
  1. System Software: Manages hardware and runs the computer (e.g., Operating Systems like Windows).
  2. Application Software: Helps users perform specific tasks (e.g., MS Word, MS Excel).
  3. Utility Software: Provides maintenance and performance optimization (e.g., antivirus, disk cleanup).

Or

(a) Define the role of computer technology and health management information system (HMIS) in hospitals.

• Computer Technology in Hospitals: Enables efficient patient record management, telemedicine, automated billing, and inventory control.
• HMIS: A system for collecting, managing, and analyzing health data to improve decision-making and patient care.

(b) What is AI? Is AI good or bad?

• Artificial Intelligence (AI): A branch of computer science that develops systems capable of performing tasks requiring human intelligence, such as decision-making, pattern recognition, and learning.
• Good Aspects: Enhances diagnostics, streamlines workflows, personalizes treatment, and improves efficiency.
• Concerns: Risks include job displacement, data security issues, and ethical concerns about decision-making.

(a) MS Word

MS Word is a word-processing application in Microsoft Office, used for creating and editing documents such as letters, reports, and resumes. It includes features like formatting tools, templates, and spell-check.

(b) MS Excel

MS Excel is a spreadsheet software used for data organization, analysis, and visualization. It includes features like formulas, pivot tables, and chart creation, making it ideal for tasks like budgeting and statistical analysis.

(c) Memory

Memory in a computer refers to the storage space where data and instructions are temporarily or permanently stored.

• Types:
  1. RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary, volatile storage for active processes.
  2. ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent, non-volatile storage for essential instructions.

(d) Full form of COMPUTER

• Common
• Operating
• Machine
• Particularly
• Used for
• Technical
• Education and
• Research.

(e) Hardware

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system, such as:

1. Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse.
2. Output Devices: Monitor, printer.
3. Storage Devices: Hard drives, SSDs.
4. Processing Units: CPU, GPU.

Fundamental of Nursing

General Nursing Questions

1. What is the nursing process?

The nursing process is a systematic, patient-centered approach to providing care. It includes the following steps:

1. Assessment: Collecting data about the patient.
2. Diagnosis: Identifying health problems.
3. Planning: Setting goals and determining interventions.
4. Implementation: Executing the care plan.
5. Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness of the care plan and making adjustments as needed.

2. Define patient-centered care.

Patient-centered care is an approach that prioritizes the individual needs, preferences, and values of the patient, ensuring that they guide all clinical decisions and care plans.

3. What is the importance of hand hygiene in nursing?

Hand hygiene is critical for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. Proper handwashing or sanitizing reduces the transmission of pathogens between patients, staff, and the environment.

4. What are the primary duties of a nurse?

Primary duties include:

• Assessing and monitoring patient health.
• Administering medications and treatments.
• Educating patients and families about care and prevention.
• Collaborating with healthcare teams.
• Maintaining patient records and documentation.

5. Define the term “vital signs.”

Vital signs are measurable indicators of the body’s essential functions, including:

1. Temperature.
2. Pulse.
3. Respiration rate.
4. Blood pressure.

6. Describe how a nurse assesses a patient’s physical and psychological needs.

• Physical Assessment: Involves examining vital signs, physical appearance, pain levels, and functional abilities.
• Psychological Assessment: Includes evaluating emotional well-being, mental status, coping mechanisms, and social support systems.

7. Explain the importance of cultural sensitivity in nursing practice.

Cultural sensitivity ensures that care respects the diverse beliefs, values, and practices of patients. It improves communication, builds trust, and leads to better health outcomes.

8. Discuss the role of nursing in promoting health and wellness in the community.

Nurses promote health and wellness by:

• Providing education on preventive measures and healthy lifestyles.
• Conducting immunization drives.
• Offering screenings for diseases.
• Advocating for public health policies.

9. Describe how nurses collaborate with other healthcare professionals.

Nurses work as part of interdisciplinary teams, communicating patient needs, sharing assessments, and coordinating care plans with doctors, therapists, and other specialists.

10. Discuss the significance of documentation and record-keeping in nursing.

Proper documentation ensures continuity of care, legal compliance, and accurate tracking of patient progress. It also supports communication among healthcare providers and improves patient safety.

Specific Nursing Questions

(a) Define Hospital.
A hospital is a healthcare institution that provides medical, surgical, and nursing care to patients. It serves as a center for treatment, research, and education.

(b) Describe the functions of a hospital.

1. Providing medical care and treatment.
2. Conducting research and training for healthcare professionals.
3. Offering preventive and diagnostic services.
4. Promoting health education and community outreach.

(c) What is the ‘Wallace Rule of Nine’?
The Wallace Rule of Nines is a method used to estimate the percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) affected by burns. It divides the body into sections, each representing 9% or multiples of 9% of the TBSA.

(d) How will you manage and treat a burn patient?

1. Stop the burning process by removing the source of heat.
2. Cool the burn with running water (not ice).
3. Cover the burn with a sterile, non-stick dressing.
4. Provide pain relief and monitor for signs of infection.
5. Ensure hydration and refer for specialized care if needed.

(a) Enlist the types of fever.

1. Continuous fever.
2. Intermittent fever.
3. Remittent fever.
4. Relapsing fever.
5. Hyperpyrexia.

(b) How will you manage and treat a patient suffering from fever?

• Monitor temperature and vital signs regularly.
• Provide antipyretics (e.g., paracetamol).
• Encourage fluid intake to prevent dehydration.
• Identify and treat the underlying cause.
• Use tepid sponging for high fever.

Or

(a) What are the clinical features of hemorrhage?

1. Pallor and cold, clammy skin.
2. Rapid, weak pulse.
3. Low blood pressure.
4. Dizziness or fainting.
5. Visible bleeding or internal signs like abdominal distension.

(b) Differentiate between hematemesis and hemoptysis.

• Hematemesis: Vomiting blood, usually from the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Color: Dark, coffee-ground-like.
  • Cause: Peptic ulcers, gastritis.
• Hemoptysis: Coughing up blood from the respiratory tract.
  • Color: Bright red and frothy.
  • Cause: Tuberculosis, lung cancer.

(a) Barrier Nursing
Barrier nursing involves infection control practices like using gloves, gowns, and masks to protect patients and staff from contagious diseases.

(b) Mentally Healthy Person
A mentally healthy person has emotional stability, effective coping mechanisms, strong relationships, and a positive self-image.

(c) Ethics of Nursing
Nursing ethics include principles like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, confidentiality, and providing equitable care.

(d) Record
A record is a systematic documentation of a patient’s medical history, treatment, and progress. It ensures continuity of care and legal accountability.

(e) Cross Infection
Cross infection refers to the transmission of infections between patients, staff, or visitors within a healthcare setting. Prevention involves hand hygiene, sterilization, and isolation protocols.

Psychology and Sociology

(a) Define Behavior

Behavior refers to the actions, reactions, or conduct of an individual in response to internal or external stimuli. It is influenced by personality, environment, culture, and experiences.

(b) Describe healthy behavior and disease behavior

• Healthy Behavior: Actions that promote physical, mental, and social well-being (e.g., regular exercise, balanced diet, maintaining hygiene).
• Disease Behavior: Actions associated with illness or seeking medical help, such as consulting a doctor, following prescribed treatments, or engaging in unhealthy habits that worsen health (e.g., smoking, non-adherence to medications).

(c) Define Sociology

Sociology is the study of human society, social behavior, institutions, and relationships. It examines how individuals interact within groups and how societal norms influence human behavior.

(d) What are the causes of dowry and write its demerits?

• Causes:
  1. Cultural traditions and societal expectations.
  2. Gender inequality and preference for male heirs.
  3. Economic dependency of women.
  4. Lack of legal enforcement against dowry practices.
• Demerits:
  1. Financial burden on the bride’s family.
  2. Increased domestic violence and harassment.
  3. Emotional distress for women.
  4. Promotes gender inequality and discrimination.

(a) What are the types of family seen in the community?

1. Nuclear Family: Parents and their children living together.
2. Extended Family: Includes multiple generations living together.
3. Joint Family: A larger family unit where siblings, their spouses, and children live together.
4. Single-Parent Family: A parent living with their children.
5. Blended Family: Families formed through remarriage, including step-siblings.

(b) Explain how family is the basic unit for health services.

• Family as a Basic Unit:
  1. Provides the primary environment for health promotion and disease prevention.
  2. Acts as a support system for patient recovery.
  3. Transmits health-related behaviors and values.
  4. Assists in managing chronic illnesses through caregiving.
  5. Provides access to healthcare services through decision-making and resource allocation.

Or

(a) Define Emotion.

Emotion is a complex psychological state involving subjective feelings, physiological responses, and behavioral expressions, often triggered by internal or external events.

(b) Define with an example how emotion can be controlled when dealing with a patient.

• Control of Emotion:
  • A nurse can practice emotional regulation techniques such as deep breathing, maintaining a calm tone, and using active listening.
  • Example: When a patient is angry, a nurse should remain composed, acknowledge the patient’s feelings, and address their concerns without reacting defensively.

1. E.C.T.: Electroconvulsive Therapy
2. I.L.O.: International Labour Organization
3. T.A.T.: Thematic Apperception Test
4. C.A.: Carcinoma or Chartered Accountant (depending on context)
5. F.A.O.: Food and Agriculture Organization

1. An individual testing HIV+:
   • Provide emotional support and maintain confidentiality.
   • Educate about HIV prevention and treatment options (e.g., ART).
   • Encourage adherence to treatment and regular follow-ups.
   • Address stigma and guide the individual to support groups.
2. A middle-aged man suffering from dementia:
   • Create a safe environment to prevent injuries.
   • Use simple communication and offer reminders for daily activities.
   • Provide emotional support to the patient and family.
   • Coordinate with healthcare providers for cognitive therapies.
3. A person having uncontrollable outbursts of crying and laughing:
   • Assess for underlying medical conditions (e.g., pseudobulbar affect).
   • Provide a calm environment to reduce distress.
   • Report to a doctor for further evaluation and treatment.
4. An adolescent having emotional outbursts:
   • Use active listening to understand their concerns.
   • Avoid judgment and validate their emotions.
   • Provide coping strategies, such as journaling or deep breathing.
   • Refer to a counselor if needed.
5. A person having suicidal attempts:
   • Ensure the immediate safety of the patient.
   • Remove any harmful objects from the environment.
   • Provide emotional support and remain non-judgmental.
   • Report to the healthcare team and arrange for mental health intervention.